Based on the sources, the magnitude of sin is understood in terms of its extent and intensiveness. The Bible teaches that sin is universal, affecting all humans without exception. Both the Old and New Testaments provide extensive evidence for this, including categorical statements like "there is no one who does not sin", universal commands to repent, and the fact that all are subject to death, the penalty for sin.

Sin is also intensive, meaning it's not just outward acts but a deep, radical corruption of human nature, stemming from an inward disposition. This is described as a spiritual sickness of the heart. The concept of total depravity emphasizes that sin affects the entire person – mind, will, emotions, and body. It does not mean people are as sinful as possible or lack a conscience, but that even seemingly good acts are tainted by improper motives, and humans are completely unable to save themselves.

To explain how this universal depravity relates to Adam's sin, three traditional theories are discussed:

• Pelagianism denies inherited sin or guilt; Adam was just a bad example, and humans can obey God perfectly by free will.
• Arminianism teaches humans inherit a corrupted nature but not culpable guilt due to prevenient grace.
• Calvinism affirms inherited corrupted nature and guilt from Adam, often explained by federal headship or natural headship.

The author proposes a model where all receive a corrupted nature and are conditionally guilty from Adam via natural headship. Actual condemnation is linked to reaching an age of accountability and voluntarily acquiescing in one's sinful nature.

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