"The unexamined life is not worth living."—Apology of Socrates

What makes a man willing to die for his beliefs? What drives a thinker to challenge the gods, the laws, and even society itself? Four Texts on Socrates invites you into the world of one of history’s most influential and controversial figures. This collection, combining three dialogues by Plato—Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito—and Aristophanes’ play The Clouds, reveals Socrates as a seeker of truth, a defender of reason, and a public figure whose ideas both inspired and unsettled Athens.

Each text sheds light on a different aspect of Socrates’ philosophy. In Euthyphro, Socrates probes the nature of piety, questioning whether moral values are determined by the gods or exist independently. This dialogue explores deep ethical dilemmas, encouraging readers to examine the foundations of their own beliefs.

In Apology, we find Socrates standing trial for corrupting the youth and impiety. This speech is not just a defense; it is a masterful declaration of his commitment to truth. As Socrates famously declares, "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing." His humility in the face of ignorance and his belief that the pursuit of truth is worth any sacrifice are central to his philosophy.

Crito follows Socrates in prison, facing imminent execution. His friend Crito urges him to escape, but Socrates refuses, arguing that it is not simply life that matters, but "living rightly." His decision to face death rather than abandon his principles highlights his unwavering commitment to justice and moral integrity.

Aristophanes’ The Clouds, in contrast, offers a comedic and satirical portrayal of Socrates. Here, Socrates is depicted as a sophist, mocked for his abstract reasoning and eccentric ideas. This play offers a glimpse into the cultural tensions of Athens, where Socrates’ philosophy was both revered and ridiculed.