Hey PaperLedge crew, Ernis here, ready to dive into some cosmic mysteries! Today we're talking about planets way, way out there – Neptune-sized gas giants orbiting other stars.

Now, imagine our solar system as a well-behaved family, right? All the planets are spinning around the sun on roughly the same plane, like they're all following the same instructions. But what if some of those planets decided to ditch the script and do their own thing, orbiting at crazy angles, almost like they're going straight over the sun's poles? These are the "misaligned" planets we're talking about.

What's super weird is that a lot of these misaligned Neptune-sized planets seem... puffy. They're way bigger than they should be for their mass. Think of it like blowing a balloon – you're adding air, but the balloon stretches out further than you expect.

So, a team of astronomers wondered: is there a connection between these planets' wacky orbits and their inflated sizes? Do they somehow cause each other?

This paper tackled that question head-on. The researchers looked at a group of 12 misaligned planets and compared them to 12 "normal" planets (ones that orbit in line with their star's equator). And guess what they found?

The misaligned planets are, on average, significantly puffier than the aligned ones. The team used some serious statistical wizardry to show that they were at least 90% certain this wasn't just a coincidence. So, what's the secret ingredient?

The likely culprit is something called tidal heating. Imagine rubbing your hands together really fast – they get warm, right? Well, these misaligned planets have wild orbits that whip them close to their star, then fling them back out again. This constant gravitational tug-of-war, this push and pull, generates a ton of internal friction and heat inside the planet. That heat then makes the planet expand, like popcorn in a microwave.

Think of it like a cosmic workout gone wrong – all that straining and stretching leading to some serious planetary bloating!

To really nail down this idea, the researchers focused on one particularly extreme example: a planet called WASP-107b. It's a Neptune-sized planet in a polar orbit that’s incredibly inflated. They created a model that simulated the planet's orbital evolution and its size changes over time, taking tidal heating into account.

Their model suggested that the amount of friction inside WASP-107b aligns with recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This is a big deal because it helps us understand what these weird, puffed-up planets are made of and how they behave.

Why does all this matter? Well:

• For the planet enthusiasts: It helps us understand the crazy diversity of planetary systems out there. Our solar system isn't the only way to build a planetary family!
• For the astrophysicists: It gives us clues about how planets form and evolve in chaotic environments.
• For everyone: It reminds us that the universe is full of surprises, and there's always more to learn.

So, what do you think, PaperLedge crew?

Here are a couple of questions to ponder:

• Could tidal heating also affect the atmospheres of these planets, maybe stripping them away over time?
• If a star has multiple misaligned planets, would they influence each other's orbits and inflation rates?

That's all for this episode! Keep exploring, keep questioning, and I'll catch you on the next PaperLedge!