In this episode of American Angst 101, political historian and resident expert Michael Bailey takes center stage to explore a deceptively simple question: why do we celebrate Independence Day on July 4th? With Dale McConkey, Bailey delivers a captivating, wide-ranging treatise that combines historical insight, political theory, and cultural reflection. Intermixed with his typical wit, he considers several alternate dates that could logically serve as America’s national holiday—from the actual vote for independence on July 2nd, to the ratification of the Constitution, to the formal end of British rule—and explains why none capture the soul of the American experiment quite like July 4th does.

Bailey argues that what makes July 4th so profound is not the act of separation from Britain, but the ideals enshrined in the Declaration of Independence. These ideals—equality, natural rights, government by consent—form what he calls America’s “parchment regime,” an aspirational identity that the country has long failed to fully live out. He reflects on the enduring tension between these high ideals and the country’s lived history, including racism, exclusion, and inequality, and discusses how thinkers like Frederick Douglass and Martin Luther King Jr. held America accountable to its own words. In the end, Bailey proposes that celebrating July 4th should not only be a patriotic ritual, but also a moment for civic self-reflection on how far we’ve come—and how far we still have to go.

The views expressed on American Angst 101 are solely those of the participants and do not represent any organization.