Ep. 181 (Part 1 of 2) | Robert Lawrence Kuhn, producer of the popular PBS series Closer to Truth, which explores consciousness, the mystery of existence, and related topics with an open-minded approach, recently authored a remarkable article: “A Landscape of Consciousness,” in which he surveyed over 200 theories about what consciousness is. Robert tells how he inhabited each theory for a few days while writing it up, and discovered that unlike with other fields of knowledge, a study of consciousness produces more theories the more we know, rather than narrowing the field down. He emphasizes we need to be expansive with our universe of understanding of what consciousness is, and realize that how we engage with the Big Questions of life depends upon our particular theory of consciousness.

Robert tells how the Big Questions, notably what is consciousness and why is there something rather than nothing, have called him all his life, leading him to create the Closer to Truth series, to explore these questions with the leading minds of our time. What Robert didn’t know to begin with, but marvels about now, is how the passion for delving into the most fundamental, existential questions we face as humans unifies people around the world, from every demographic, providing a unique and wonderful point of integration. This is a fascinating, warm, engaging conversation that draws us ever farther into an exploration of the mysteries of life, where we glimpse what lies at the core of humanity. Recorded April 17th, 2025.

“Consciousness is perhaps the single most unifying question that humanity can explore.”

• Introducing Robert Lawrence Kuhn, author, public intellectual, producer of the PBS series Closer to Truth, which explores fundamental questions of existence (01:02)
• How did it feel to be writing “A Landscape of Consciousness,” a 175k-word article that surveys over 200 theories about what consciousness is (02:50)
• Now Robert is building a website with notated theories of consciousness that allows for theories to grow and change (11:33)
• Consciousness theories, unlike other fields of knowledge, grow the more we know (14:59)
• All the “big questions” are dependent on your theory of consciousness (18:57)
• Why is there something rather than nothing? What is consciousness? Two fundamental questions that have been with Robert all along (23:17)
• Nine levels of nothing and the deep nature of phenomenal consciousness (25:36)
• Why Robert didn’t include his own theory in his survey, and then did—in 71 words (26:58)
• What does the explosion of consciousness theories say about consciousness? (30:27)
• The self-referential paradox of understanding consciousness (35:04)
• How to structure and organize the amalgam of theories (37:08)
• Roughly half the theories went into materialism categories (39:02)
• Challenge theorists conclude we can never understand consciousness (41:03)
• Robert’s theory categories: materialism, non reductive physicalism, quantum, integrated information, panpsychism, monism, dualism, idealism, illusory, anomalies and altered states (42:18)
• What kind of knowledge do psychedelics and altered states offer? (49:20)

• Robert Lawrence Kuhn, creator, producer, and host of the PBS series, Closer To Truth
• Robert Lawrence Kuhn,...