Das Erdbeben in Chili
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Narrated by:
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Christoph Hackenberg
About this listen
Das Erdbeben in Chili ist eine Novelle von Heinrich von Kleist, die er vermutlich im Jahr 1806 verfasst hat. Sie wurde zunächst 1807 in Cottas „Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände“ unter dem Titel Jeronimo und Josephe. Eine Szene aus dem Erdbeben zu Chili, vom Jahr 1647 veröffentlicht. 1810 erschien sie erneut unter dem nun bekannten Titel im ersten Band der Erzählungen. Hintergrund: Während das Erdbeben von 1647 in Santiago de Chile (bei Kleist „St. Jago, [die] Hauptstadt des Königreichs Chili“) die historische Vorlage für den Text bietet, ist ideengeschichtlich vor allem das Lissabonner Erdbeben von 1755 für Kleist Anlass gewesen. Auch andere zeitgenössische Philosophen und Dichter, wie Poe, Voltaire, Rousseau und Kant, verwendeten dieses Thema, um unter anderem das Theodizeeproblem zu diskutieren. Die Theodizee, die Frage also nach einem allmächtigen und guten Gott angesichts von Leid und Ungerechtigkeit in der Welt, wurde in der Aufklärung prominent von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) behandelt, der zum Schluss kam, die existierende Welt sei die bestmögliche Welt. Das Erdbeben von Lissabon stellte diese Formulierung erneut stark in Zweifel. Neben der Theodizee-Debatte ist auch der Diskurs über den Naturzustand für Kleists Gedankengang bedeutsam. Rousseaus These, dass in einer ursprünglichen, eigentumslosen Urgesellschaft der Mensch edel und gut sei, forderte die traditionelle Auffassung des von Geburt an bösen Menschen (Erbsünde) heraus: „Die Menschen sind böse; eine traurige und fortdauernde Erfahrung erübrigt den Beweis; jedoch, der Mensch ist von Natur aus gut, ich glaube, es nachgewiesen zu haben; […] Man bewundere die menschliche Gesellschaft, soviel man will, es wird deshalb nicht weniger wahr sein, dass sie die Menschen notwendigerweise dazu bringt, sich in dem Maße zu hassen, in dem ihre Interessen sich kreuzen, außerdem sich wechselseitig scheinbare Dienste zu erweisen und in Wirklichkeit sich alle vorstellbaren Übel zuzufügen.“ Rousseaus These war, dass der Mensch, wenn er in den Naturzustand zurückkehre, wieder moralisch gesunden werde. Dies wurde kontrovers debattiert und heftig von kirchlicher und konservativer Seite abgelehnt. Kleists Erzählung ist sowohl eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der Theodizee als auch auf die Frage nach dem natürlichen Gut-Sein des Menschen. Konkreter auf die Biographie Kleists bezogen war der Hintergrund die Niederlage Preußens im Krieg gegen Frankreich 1806 (Schlacht von Jena und Auerstedt), verbunden mit einer katastrophalen, kurzzeitigen Außerkraftsetzung der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse. Kleist verfasste die Arbeit wahrscheinlich in seiner Königsberger Zeit (Mai 1805 bis August 1806). Er war von Januar bis Juli 1807 in französischer Kriegsgefangenschaft; während dieser Zeit vermittelte sein Freund Otto August Rühle von Lilienstern (1780-1847) das Werk an den Verleger Cotta. Das Erdbeben in Chili war die erste gedruckte Erzählung Kleists. Man hat auch versucht, die Novelle als „Geschichtsphilosophie des Poetischen“ zu lesen, „die auf die politische Verarbeitung der Revolution [von 1789] antwortet“.
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